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DNA Sequencing: Unlocking the Code of Life
DNA sequencing has transformed modern science by allowing researchers to read the genetic code that defines every living organism. At its core, DNA sequencing is the process of determining the exact order of nucleotides—adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)—within a DNA molecule. This seemingly simple string of letters contains the blueprint for biological structure, function, and heredity. Over the past few decades, advances in sequencing technologies have accelerated discoveries in medicine, agriculture, forensics, and evolutionary biology.
Historically, the first major breakthrough came with Sanger sequencing, developed in the 1970s. Although revolutionary, it was time-consuming and expensive, making large-scale sequencing impractical. The shift occurred with the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), which introduced massively parallel sequencing. This meant millions of DNA fragments could be analyzed simultaneously, drastically reducing time and cost. As a result, what once required years and billions of…